Elastomers and rubber materials are characterized by their high degree of flexibility and elasticity (high reversible elongation). Elastomers and rubber materials can be based on a variety of systems such silicone, polyurethane, chloroprene, butyl, polybutadiene, neoprene, natural rubber or isoprene, and other synthetic rubber or compounds.
Composite material is filled with a strengthening phase, reinforcement fibers, toughening phase, or other specialty fillers that provide unique properties.
Thermoplastics can be repeatedly softened by heat and then hardened, or set by cooling, which allows parts to be injection molded or thermoformed and scrap to be reprocessed.
Thermoset plastics and thermoset resins are crosslinked polymeric resins that are cured using heat or heat and pressure. Cured thermoset resins generally have higher resistance to heat compared to thermoplastics, but melting cannot reprocess them.
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Epoxy resins exhibit high strength and low shrinkage during curing. Epoxies are known for their toughness and resistance to chemical and environmental damage. Most epoxies are two-part resins cured at room temperature. Some thermally-cured or thermoset one-part epoxies are also available. Depending on the formulation, epoxy resins are used as casting resins, potting agents, resin binders, or laminating resins in fiberglass or composite construction. They are also used as encapsulants, electrical conductors in microelectronic packaging, and adhesives in structural bonding applications.
Polymers are based on fluoropolymer chemical systems, such as polytetrafluoroethylene (PTFE) or polyvinylidene fluoride (PVDF). Fluoropolymers are used in applications requiring superior chemical resistance. PTFE is used in applications requiring superior chemical resistance or low friction.
Liquid crystal polymers (LCP) are thermoplastics with high strength and temperature resistance. Liquid crystal polymers are used in electrical, electronic, and medical applications where the high cost of the material is not an issue.
Ketones encompass polyaryletherketone or polyetheretherketone (PEEK). PEEK is an engineered thermoplastic that can resist high temperatures. It has excellent chemical resistance, fatigue resistance, and thermal stability. PEEK is inert to all common solvents and resists a wide range of organic and inorganic liquids. PEEK has a maximum continuous working temperature of 480°F, and retains its mechanical properties up to 570°F in steam or high-pressure applications.
Phenolic and formaldehyde resins are thermosetting molding compounds and adhesives that offer strong bonds and good resistance to high temperatures. Phenolic or phenol formaldehyde, urea formaldehyde, furan, and melamine resins fit into this category. Phenolic resin adhesives made from chemicals of the phenol group and formaldehyde are generally are the most durable.
Phenolic resins are available in liquid, powder, and film form. Special phenolic resins that harden at moderate temperatures when mixed with suitable accelerators are also available. Phenol-formaldehyde, resorcinol-formaldehyde, resol, and novalac resins are types of phenolic resins. Urea resin adhesives are made from urea, formaldehyde, and catalysts or hardeners. Urea formaldehyde resins can harden rapidly at moderate temperatures, but generally do not have the properties of phenolic resins. Melamine resins are made through a reaction of dicyandiamide with formaldehyde. Most of the resins in this group have excellent dielectric properties. Furan formaldehyde (FF) resins are made by the polymerization or poly-condensation of furfural, furfural alcohol, or other compounds containing a furan ring, or by the reaction of these furan compounds with other compounds (not over 50%).
Fire-retardant furans are used in hand lay-up, spray-up, and filament winding operations. Furans are commonly used in foundry binders, grinding wheels, refractories, and other high temperature applications. Furan resins and chemicals are also used in fiberglass composites, hybrid resins combined with epoxy or phenolics, and in corrosion-resistant cements.
Polyamide is a commonly used system for molding high-strength engineered components. Polyamides are also used to produce strong hot-melt adhesives. Polyamides provide higher strength than polyethylene or other commodity-type polymers. Nylon is a well-known example of a polyamide engineering resin that is also used to mold plastic parts.
Polyamide-imides are amorphous, thermoplastic materials with excellent mechanical properties, especially at elevated temperatures. Trimellitic anhydrides react with aromatic diamines to produce polyamide-imides. Polyamide-imides are applied in demanding engineering applications. Solvay Advanced Polymer's Torlon® is a well-known example of a polyamide-imide engineering resin that is also used to mold, extrude or machine plastic parts, or shape stock.
Polybutadiene is a commonly used polymer system with dielectric potting compounds and coatings. It can be combined with other rubber polymers to form flexible sealants. Polybutadiene remains flexible even at low temperatures.
Polycarbonate is an amorphous material with excellent impact strength, clarity, and optical properties. Polycarbonate has excellent mechanical properties, and can be molded to tight tolerances. Polycarbonates can be attacked by solvents and petrochemicals. Brand names include Caliber® (Dow) and Lexan® (GE) as well as Makrofol® and Makrolon® (Bayer).
Polymers or resins are based on the polyethylene chemical system. Low density polyethylene polymers are used to form a variety of common or commodity-plastic components. High density (HDPE) and ultra-high molecular weight polyethylene (UHMW PE) have good friction and mechanical properties. They are used in medical devices, wear parts, and engineered components.
Thermosetting resins or plastics are based on the polyester (alkyd) or vinyl ester system. These materials should not be confused with thermoplastic polyesters or PET resins.
Acrylonitrile-butadiene-styrene (ABS) is a hard, rigid, thermoplastic polymer. It provides good chemical and creep resistance, along with dimensional stability. ABS is used in many industries and in a wide array of applications. It is generally inexpensive, but prone to crack under stress. Common trade names include Cycolac® (GE Plastics), Lustran® (Bayer) and Novodur® (Bayer).
Acetal is a polyacetal or polyoxymethylene (POM) that provides a higher strength when compared to polyethylene-type polymers; however, polyacetal materials are susceptible to oxidation at elevated temperatures. DuPont’s Delrin® is a common polyacetal engineering resin that is also used to mold plastic parts.
Acrylic polymers are formed by polymerizing acrylic acids through a reaction with a suitable catalyst. Acrylics are known for excellent environmental resistance and fast-setting times compared to other resin systems.
Material based on thermoset bismaleimide (BMI) resin. Aromatic polyimides are among the most thermally stable organic materials known. BMI thermoset resins have high temperature resistance. Bismaleimide (BMI) resins have processing characteristics similar to epoxy resins and are used as laminating resins, prepregs, adhesives and other composite applications.
Aramid thermoplastics are based on a polyphthalamide or aromatic polyamide system with a highly crystalline or linear nature. Aramid fibers are based on a polyphthalamide system. DuPont’s Kevlar® fibers are an example of aramid fibers.
Polyurethane (PUR) resins provide excellent flexibility, impact resistance, and durability. Polyurethanes are formed through the reaction of an isocyanate component with polyols or other active hydroxyl group compounds. Polyurethanes require a catalyst, heat, or air evaporation to initiate and complete curing.
Plastic compounds, elastomer resins, or polymers are based on the silicone chemical system. Silicones are produced through the hydrolysis and polymerization of silanes and siloxanes.
Products are based upon a styrene copolymer system such as styrene acrylonitrile (SAN), acrylic styrene acrylonitrile (ASA), acrylonitrile ethylene styrene (AES), styrene maleic anhydride (SMA), styrene-isoprene-styrene (SIS), styrene-butadiene-styrene (SBS), or styrene butadiene rubber (SBR).
Styrene butadiene rubber (SBR) has good resistance to petroleum hydrocarbons and fuels. SBR is used widely with oils, hydraulic fluids, and alcohol. Many compound variations are available for specific applications. The suggested operating temperature for SBR is -30° to 275° F. Styrene-isoprene-styrene (SIS) and styrene-butadiene-styrene (SBS) copolymers are commonly applied in pressure-sensitive adhesive applications.
Polymers are based on the vinyl chemical system. Examples include polyvinyl chloride (PVC), polyvinylidene chloride (PVDF), polyvinyl vinyl acetate (PVA), and polyvinyl alcohol (PVOH).
Polymers or thermoplastic compounds are based on the polyetherimide chemical system.
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Raw materials or unfilled resins do not contain any additional modifiers such as fillers, colorants, dispersants, plasticizers, wetting agents, levelers, or defoamers. These products are used as starting components or raw materials for the production of finished plastic resins, elastomers, adhesives, sealant, coatings, or other polymer-based products.
Polyimide (polyphthalamide) is a fiber-based reinforcement, such as DuPont’s Kevlar® fiber material. Aromatic polyimides are among the most thermally stable organic materials known.
Compounded polymers or elastomers use carbon or graphite powder, or fiber filler. Depending on the structure, carbon can strengthen or provide some improvement in electrical and thermal conductivity.
Other unlisted, specialized, or proprietary filler type.
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Adhesive, sealant, or resin in the form of a low to moderate viscosity liquid.
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Casting resins are plastic or elastomer compounds used to cast parts, molds, or to form a structure in place. Casting resins usually consist of a two-part (A+B) system that is placed into open molds or forms, where A is the resin and B is the catalyst or hardener. The fabricator mixes the components to initiate the curing process.
Molding resins are plastics or elastomers that are suited for the fabrication of parts via injection molding, compression molding, blow molding or film extrusion, reaction injection molding (RIM), resin transfer molding (RTM) or molded stock shapes.
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Resins or compounds have a high degree of electrical conductivity (low resistivity) for applications such as anti-static or ESD control, EMI / RFI shielding, thick film metallization, and device and board electrical interconnection.
The material is flame retardant in accordance with industry standards, such as Underwriters Laboratories, Inc. (UL), Flame Class 94, or other ISO standards. These materials reduce the spread of flame or resist ignition when exposed to high temperatures. They also insulate the substrate and delay damage to the substrate.
Material designed to form a thermally conductive layer on the substrate, between components or within a finished electronic product. Thermally conductive resins, thermoplastics, encapsulants, potting compounds, tapes, pads, adhesives, and greases are often used between a heat-generating electrical device and a heat sink to improve heat dissipation.
The material is approved to or recognized under one or more requirements of Underwriters Laboratories, Inc. (UL).
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Products are designed for aerospace applications. For example, they can be used to bond composite structures to other composite or metallic frame components.
Products are designed for electronics applications. For example, they can be used in potting or encapsulating compounds, conductive adhesives, and dielectric sealants.
Products are resins, compounds, and plastic composites suitable for electrical power or high voltage applications such as generator or motor assemblies, coil or transformer manufacturing, and switch or circuit breaker insulation.
Products are designed for constructing laminating strip structures or SCRIMP matrix resins for composite construction. SCRIMP is an acronym for Seemann composites resin infusion molding process.
Products are suitable for medical or food-contact applications. They typically comply with requirements from regulatory agencies such as the Food and Drug Administration (FDA), U.S. Department of Agriculture (USDA), National Science Foundation (NSF), 3A-Dairy, Canada AG, or USP Class VI.
Products are designed for use by construction contractors and in maintenance, repair, and operation (MRO) applications. Adhesives or sealants can be designed for general-purpose construction or architectural applications. Construction materials include wood, wood products, glass, cement products (mortar, concrete, masonry), plaster board, metal trim, flooring tile, sub-floor or underlayment, plaster board, sheet metal roofing or flash, metal ties, insulation materials (fiberglass, foam), and bitumen-based roofing materials.
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Use temperature is the range of temperatures to which products can be exposed without the degradation of structural or other required end-use properties.
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Deflection temperature is the range that the material can be exposed to without the degradation of structural or other required end-use properties at 264 psi or 1.8 MPa. .
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Thermal conductivity is the linear heat transfer per unit area through a material for a given applied temperature gradient. Heat flux (h) = [thermal conductivity (k) ] x [temperature gradient (Δ T)]
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Tensile strength at break is the maximum amount of stress required to fail or break the material under tension loading test conditions. Tensile tests are typically performed according to test procedure standards such as ASTM D-638 or ISO 527-1, ASTM D-1708, ASTM D-2289 (plastics at high strain rates), and ASTM D-882 (thin plastic sheets), as well as other OEM proprietary standards.
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Young's modulus or the modulus of elasticity is a material constant that indicates the variation is strain produced under an applied tensile load. Materials with a higher modulus of elasticity have higher stiffness or rigidity.
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Resistivity is the longitudinal electrical resistance (ohm-cm) of a uniform rod of unit length and unit cross-sectional area. Resistivity is the inverse of conductivity.
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The dielectric constant is the relative permittivity of a material compared to a vacuum or free space. k = εr = ε/ εo= where ε is the absolute permittivity of the material and εo is the absolute permittivity of a vacuum 8.85 x 10-12 F/m.
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Viscosity is a measurement of a fluid's resistance to flow. Water is lower in viscosity than motor oil or honey. Oil is lower in viscosity than tar or molasses. Depending on the application method, viscosity determines how well a resin fills the cavities or voids in a mold.
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Melt flow index (MFI) is the output flow rate in grams that occurs in 10 minutes period through a standard die of 2.0955 mm diameter and 8.000 mm in length, while a fixed pressure is applied to a 190°C melt via a piston. Blow molding and extrusion processes tend to use resins with lower MFI values. Injection molding typically utilizes higher MFI polymers.
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Resistivity is the longitudinal electrical resistance (ohm-cm) of a uniform rod of unit length and unit cross-sectional area. Resistivity is the inverse of conductivity.
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The dielectric constant is the relative permittivity of a material compared to a vacuum or free space. k = r = / o= where is the absolute permittivity of the material and o is the absolute permittivity of a vacuum 8.85 x 10-12 F/m.
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Viscosity is a measurement of a fluid's resistance to flow. Water is lower in viscosity than motor oil or honey. Oil is lower in viscosity than tar or molasses. Depending on the application method, viscosity determines how well a resin fills the cavities or voids in a mold.
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Melt flow index (MFI) is the output flow rate in grams that occurs in 10 minutes period through a standard die of 2.0955 mm diameter and 8.000 mm in length, while a fixed pressure is applied to a 190°C melt via a piston. Blow molding and extrusion processes tend to use resins with lower MFI values. Injection molding typically utilizes higher MFI polymers.
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