Commercially pure, unalloyed or very low alloy metals are free of or contain very small amount of alloying elements such as the C.P. titanium or palladium modified C.P. grades.
Alloys have significant amounts of intentionally added alloying elements or constituents.
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Amorphous or glassy alloys do not have a crystal structure, which results in their superior or unique magnetic properties, corrosion resistance, and mechanical and electrical properties.
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Light alloys include aluminum, magnesium, titanium, beryllium alloys, and composite with low densities and high strength to weight ratios. Light alloys are useful in aerospace and automotive applications where reduction in weight can improve performance or fuel efficiency.
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Metal matrix composites have a composite, reinforced metal, or alloy matrix filled with a second component. The second component of reinforcement may be in particulate, chopped fiber, continuous filament, or fabric form.
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The American Society for Testing and Materials (ASTM) is a non-profit organization that provides a forum for the development and publication of voluntary standards for materials, products, systems, and services. Most specifications from the American Society of Mechanical Engineers (ASME) are adopted from or very similar to ASTM specifications.
Ingot or alloy shapes meet the requirements for casting stock from the Alloy Casting Institute (ACI), the American Die Casting Institute (ADCI), the American Society for Testing and Materials (ASTM), and the Investment Casting Institute (ICI).
Japanese Industrial Standards (JIS) specify the standards used for industrial activities in Japan. The standardization process is coordinated by the Japanese Industrial Standards Committee and published through the Japanese Standards Association.
Metals or alloys meet the compositional standards in the Unified Numbering System (UNS), which was established by the ASTM, SAE, and several metal trade associations and societies. UNS identifies metals and alloys with a letter and five numbers. For example, carbon and alloy steels are identified as Gnnnnn, where G is the letter nnnnn is the number.
This refers to other unlisted, specialized, and OEM-specific (e.g., GE, P&W, Boeing, etc.) or proprietary material specifications.
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ELI grades are titanium alloys having very low levels of interstitial elements (O, N, C). Titanium alloys with extra low interstitial (ELI) content feature higher ductility and improved weldability.
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Metals or alloys are supplied as anode shapes. Plating anodes are in used in plating or electroplating processes. Sacrificial anodes are used to protect steel or other metal structures from corrosion. Sacrificial anodes corrode preferentially, creating a galvanic cell that protects the steel or iron alloy in the process.
Billets, slabs, or blooms are massive, hot rolled, or forged blocks of metals or alloys. These forms can have semifinished square, rectangular slab, or round cross-sections. Producing billets or blooms from ingots by forging is called cogging. Hot-rolling ingots is a process called blooming. Billets are used as feedstock for rolling operations and in the machining of large components. Slabs are semi-finished steel blocks, usually with widths that are at least twice their thickness.
Materials are supplied or available as bars, rod stock, or billets. Bars or rods may have a round, square, rectangular/flat, hexagonal, or oval-shaped cross-section.
Materials are supplied or available as square bars, bar stock, or billets. Squares have a cross-section where two unequal sides proscribe a right angle between the surfaces.
Materials are supplied or available as square bars, bar stock, or billets. Squares have a cross-section where two equal sides proscribe a right angle between surfaces.
Profiles and structural shapes include shaped stock with uniform cross sections such tees, angles, channels, I-beams, rectangular tubes, and other cross sectional shapes. These shapes are manufactured through extrusion, continuous casting, roll forming, or other processes.
Semi-finished metal shapes or stock shapes are suitable for part fabrication by machining, assembly, or other processes. Stock shapes are also used as feedstock for casting, forging, spinning, and other forming processes. Semi-finished metal shapes and stock include forms such as bar stock, rods, plates, strips, wire, shaped wire, hexagonal shapes, billets, sheets, and foil.
Materials can be supplied or available as sheets or foil. Sheets have a thickness between 0.006" and 0.250" and are 24" (609.6 mm) or larger in width. Typically, sheets are formed to precise thicknesses and/or width requirements. Hardness and surface finish properties can be controlled by the rolling process, which usually consists of cross-rolling.
Metals are available as spheres or precision-ground balls. Precision balls are used to fabricate bearing balls, ball valve balls, check valve balls, and measuring balls.
Materials are supplied or available as strips. Strips are usually 0.187" (3/16", 4.76 mm) or less in thickness and under 24" (609.6 mm) in width. Typically, strips are formed to precise thicknesses and/or width requirements. Hardness and surface finish properties can be controlled by the rolling process, which usually consists of cross-rolling.
This refers to other unlisted, specialized or proprietary forms or stock types.
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This is the overall width or outer diameter (OD) of stock forms such as bars, plates, and tubes. Overall width is the average particulate diameter for raw materials such as powders, granules, and pellets.
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Powered metal stock or shapes are fabricated by consolidating or compacting powdered or atomized versions or the metal or alloy. Powder processing eliminates the possibility of large inclusions and can produce a finer structure compared to conventional wrought processes.
Wrought metals or alloys are worked mechanically to refine their structure, break up inclusion, close porosity, and improve homogeneity.
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Plates, bars, angles, or other stock metal shapes have a texture or non-slip surface such as an embossed diamond pattern or an anti-slip abrasive coating.
Metal or alloy stock or shapes are coated with a wax, lubricant, oil or silicate for subsequent processing. Titanium alloys do not typically benefit from a protective coating or paint because titanium inherently forms a coherent oxide film that prevents corrosion.
Alloy stock or shapes are produced in a process that mechanically deforms or works the material at a temperature that is below the recrystallization point of the alloy. Rolling processes squeeze the metal between two steel rolls. Drawing processes pull the metal from a die opening or gap. The elevated temperature allows a greater degree of deformation as well as annealing during the process. Hot rolled metals tend to have more scale on their surface.
Electric arc furnaced materials are very clean and have less inclusions and lower variability. Aircraft, bearing, and premium steels are usually electric arc furnaced or E grade steels.
Metal stock or shapes are available as forged billets, blooms, slabs, or bar stock. The forging process presses, pounds, or squeezes metal stock under very high pressure. Material flow occurs during the forging process, closing any internal porosity and refining the microstructure.
Hot rolled alloy stock or shapes are produced in a process that mechanically deforms or works the material at an elevated temperature (e.g., steels in the "red" hot condition). This temperature is above the recrystallization point of the alloy. The elevated temperature allows a greater degree of deformation or a reduction of thickness. A post annealing process is not required after hot rolling. Hot rolled metals tend to have more surface scale and require pickling and oiling.
Precipitation hardening alloys can be hardened by solution treating and aged to high strength. Precipitation hardening (PH) stainless steels are chromium-nickel metals, some of which contain alloying elements such as copper or aluminum. PH grades 17-7 (Type 631), 17-4 (Type 630), 13-8, 15-5, 15-7, as well as specialty and proprietary alloys. Many aluminum alloys are hardened or strengthened through a precipitation hardening process.
This refers to other unlisted, specialty or proprietary metals or alloy grades. These materials are based on a unique composition or alloy system, use a novel processing technology, or have properties designed for specific applications.
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