Clear coats are transparent layers applied on top of other colored paint layers or base coats. They provide a glossier finish as well as sealing and protection.
Enamel is an opaque, glassy, white or colored covering applied to china or metal objects to provide protection, waterproofing, and decoration. Enamel paints are tougher than lacquer paints and do not crack or check as easily. Enamels also have lower levels of volatile organic compounds (VOCs) and are more environmentally-friendly. Enamels dry more slowly than lacquers, but newer catalyst additions have reduced drying times.
Lacquer paints dry more quickly than enamel paints and are easier to sand since enamels can be gummy; however, enamel paints are tougher and do not crack or check as easily. Lacquer paints often contain relatively high levels of VOCs. In some states, only businesses are allowed to apply lacquer paints.
Primers are complete, preparatory coatings that are applied before base coats or clear coats. Many primers contain some pigment and are designed to provide adequate adhesion between the surface and subsequent topcoats. Some primers lend uniformity to the topcoat, inhibit corrosion of the substrate, and/or stop topcoat discoloration.
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Film drying or air setting forms a continuous, dry film from a binder which can be pigmented. The evaporation of the solvent, carrier, or thinner sets the coating.
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Coatings for pavements or walkways are able to withstand extreme environmental conditions such as vehicular traffic, ice-melting salts, and dust-control chemicals.
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Coatings contain aluminum, a silver-white metallic element used to make hard, light, corrosion-resistant products. Aluminum has a melting point of 660° C, a boiling point of 2467° C, and a specific gravity of 2.699.
Acrylic is a synthetic resin used in high-performance latex or water-based paints. Acrylic resins form the paint's binder and enable the coating to last longer and retain its color. Acrylic coatings are recommended for bonding metal. They can also be used with oily surfaces, glass, ferrite, plastics, and fiber-reinforced plastics (FRP).
Ceramics consist of oxides, carbides, nitrides, carbon and other non-metals with high melting points. Refractory ceramic coatings are sprayed onto the insides of kilns and on elements to lengthen life and improve efficiency. Coated elements may last up to 10 times longer than uncoated elements. Coated kilns are more efficient than uncoated products and last longer. Although ceramic coatings are expensive, they provide long-term savings.
Coatings contain copper, a reddish-brown metallic element that is highly malleable and ductile, and which offer high electrical and heat conductivity. Copper has a melting point of 1981° F, a boiling point 4237° F, and a specific gravity 8.94. Copper coatings are often applied to metal tubing.
Epoxy resins are a large, high-performance group of resins. Epoxies generally out-perform most other types of resins in terms of mechanical properties and resistance to environmental degradation. Epoxy coatings are used almost exclusively in aircraft components.
Furans are thermosetting resins in which the furan ring is an integral part of the polymer chain. Furan resins are produced by the polymerization or polycondensation of furfural, furfural alcohol, or other compounds which contain a furan ring, or by the reaction of these furan compounds with other compounds (not over 50%).
The compound or material system is based upon an inorganic chemistry. Coatings may contain a resin or polymer binder, or a base filled with fine inorganic aggregates or mineral powders. Completely inorganic coatings contain both an inorganic binder and inorganic fillers. Inorganic coatings also include salts or inorganic chemical solutions that react with a substrate to convert a layer into a protective phosphate or chromate layer. These inorganic coatings are called conversion coatings.
Phenolics are resins or plastics made by condensing a phenol with an aldehyde. They are used in molding, adhesives, coatings, and insulation. Phenolic resins are usually thermosetting.
Polyester resins are made acids, glycols, and monomers with various properties. Unsaturated polyester resins are used widely in marine applications. When subjected to the right conditions, these thermoset resins can be cured from either a liquid or solid state. Unsaturated polyester resins are often called "polyester resins" or just "polyesters".
Polyurethane is a tough, rubber-like elastomer based on the condensation of organic isocyanates with resins containing hydroxyl groups. Polyurethane is also referred to as urethane.
Polytetrafluoroethylene (PTFE) is a family of engineering plastics characterized by high-thermal stability, low friction, and almost universal chemical stability. PTFE contains fluorine and recurring tetrafluoroethylene monomer units. Teflon®, a popular type of PTFE, is a registered trademark of DuPont.
Resin bases and polymer binders are translucent or transparent and solid or semi-solid. They contain synthetic and/or natural materials. Examples of resin bases and polymer binders include acrylic, alkyd, copal ester, epoxy, polyurethane, polyvinyl chloride, and silicone coatings.
Rubber is a natural or synthetic material that can quickly and forcibly recover from large deformations. Rubber is used as a resin in elastomer-based coatings.
Coatings contain zinc, a blue-white metallic element that is malleable and ductile even at ordinary temperatures. Zinc can be electrodeposited and is used extensively as a coating for steel and sheet. Zinc has a melting point of 7870° F, a boiling point of 16650° F, and a specific gravity of 7.14.
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Volatile organic chemicals (VOCs) are carbon compounds which evaporate under standard test conditions. All paint solvents except for water are VOCs. Governments limit the VOC content in paint because of environmental and health effects.
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Pot-life time is the time between the mixing stage and the gel stage at which a coating remains usable in the pot at 77o F. Pot life for epoxies depends on variables such as temperature, the shape of the container, and the hardener used. Pot life is different from working time.
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Dip coating or immersion coating makes plastisol a functional part of the dipped object. Hot dip coating, the most common variety, heats the object and then immerses it in plastisol. The plastisol gels on the heated object, but final fusion takes place in a heated chamber. Cold dipping, used primarily for thin plastisol coatings, does not require pre-heating before dipping; however, fusion still takes place in a heated chamber. The plastisol viscosity and other factors determine the thickness of the cold dip coating.
Spin coating is used to coat wafers. The coating material is dispensed onto the wafer via flood-dispense or spread-dispense methods. The wafer can be either stationary or moving. After the coating is dispensed, the wafer is spun at a high speed until the coating spreads evenly and dries. The higher the spin acceleration, the more uniform the coating.
Spray coating uses an airless spray system to coat large objects, vertical surfaces, or irregular shapes. Unlimited passes can be made in order to achieve the desired coating thickness. Decorative effects can be achieved using special spray heads. Spray coating is often performed in-place.
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Primary pigment is commonly composed of titanium dioxide. The amount of primary pigment impacts greatly on the hiding capabilities of the paint film and UV protection. Secondary pigments are pigments such as talc, silics, calcium carbonate, mica, etc., which have little impact on hiding. They are basically used as fillers to help control viscosity, leveling, sheen, etc.
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Operating temperature is the temperature or temperature range to which applied and set coatings can be used at or exposed to without degrading structural or other required end-use properties.
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Anti-slip coatings produce a textured, abrasive, sticky or roughened surface layer to prevent personnel from slipping or falling on floors, steps, and walkways.
Corrosion-inhibiting or rust-preventive coatings prevent moisture from reaching the metal or underlying substrate, or provide a sacrificial layer. Resin-based coatings are both corrosion and chemically-resistant, and provide a barrier to protect the substrate. Zinc or aluminum coatings provide a sacrificial layer that galvanically protects the ferrous surface, even if the layer is breached.
Zinc phosphate, barium metaborate and strontium chromate (all pigments) are common ingredients in corrosion-inhibitive coatings. These pigments absorb any moisture that enters the coating film. Lubricant, oil and grease coatings also provide a water-repellent barrier to inhibit corrosion. Rust-preventative coatings are designed to minimize rust or iron-alloy corrosion when applied directly to ferrous metals such as carbon or alloy steels.
Dielectric coatings are made from nonconducting materials and used in optical applications. High-reflection coatings consist of a stack of alternating layers of high- and low-refractive-index materials. Each layer in the stack has an optical thickness of a quarter-wave at the design wavelength.
Coatings are flame-retardant in accordance to Underwriters Laboratories, Inc. (UL) Flame Class 94V-0, or other equivalent ISO standards. These materials reduce the spread of flame or resist ignition when exposed to high temperatures. They also insulate the substrate and delay damage to the substrate.
Photoluminescent coatings glow in the dark after they are exposed to light. They are used in building-safety and egress-marking applications. Glow-in-the-dark coatings enable personnel to move through darkened corridors and safely exit a building during a power outage.
Oil and grease-resistant coatings resist degradation from contact with oils, lubricants, greases, and other petroleum-based fluids. Oil-repellent or oleophobic coatings are not wetted by oils.
Waterproof or water-repellant coatings are clear, exterior finishes that cause water to bead up on the surface. They also minimize the penetration of water into the substrate.
Wear or erosion-resistant coatings are designed to resist wear or erosion. Wear is caused by a sliding action between two or more components. Erosion is surface damage or material removal caused by the impact of particles or slurries.
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Coatings are designed for use in architectural or construction applications. This includes interior and exterior paints as well as specialty floor coatings.
Coatings are designed for commercial or professional contractor use. They are more durable than coatings designed for consumer applications, but are not as heavy-duty as industrial-grade coatings.
Coatings are designed for use in environmental applications such as sealing asbestos or other hazardous materials for remediation, containment, and removal. Coatings are also designed for use in exhaust stacks, landfills, and containers for hazardous materials.
Coatings are designed for use in the food and beverage industry. This category includes both food products and the packaging products that come into contact with food and beverages.
Coatings are designed for use in original equipment manufacturer (OEM) or industrial applications. Industrial coatings are durable, high-quality coatings designed for heavy-duty use or highly specialized functions.
Coatings are designed for use in the optical industry. Optical coatings reduce reflection both internally and externally. They increase the amount of light that reaches the eye, improving an object's brightness and contrast.
Coatings are designed for pharmaceutical or biotechnology applications. This category includes both drug products and the packaging products that come into contact with pharmaceuticals.
Coatings are designed for security or safety applications. Examples include special inks or coatings that mark the hands of a thief, reflective paints for roadway markings, and glow-in-the-dark paints for buildings.
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