Circulating coolants, cooling liquids, chiller fluids, anti-freeze fluids, secondary refrigerants and other circulating cooling fluids are used to provide cooling or transfer heat within machinery, process equipment or combustion engines.
Hot oils, heater oils, thermal fluids and other heat transfer fluids are used to provide heat or transfer heat to a region with machinery or process equipment.
Other specialty, proprietary or unlisted types or functions.
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Products contain petroleum or mineral oil constituents such as fluids and greases. Straight oils are mineral or petroleum oils that do not have added water.
Fluids or greases are based on synthetic compounds such as silicone, polyglycol, esters, diesters, chlorofluorocarbons (CFCs) and mixtures of synthetic fluids and water. Synthetic fluids tend to have the highest fire resistance and cost. Synthetic fluids contain no petroleum or mineral oil base, but are instead formulated from alkaline organic and inorganic compounds along with additives for corrosion inhibition. They are generally used in a diluted form with concentrations ranging from 3% to 10%. Synthetic fluids often provide the best cooling performance among all cutting fluids. Semi-synthetic fluids are essentially combination of synthetic and soluble petroleum or mineral oil fluids. The characteristics, cost and heat transfer performance of semi-synthetic fluids fall between those of synthetic and soluble oil fluids. Some synthetics such as phosphate esters react or dissolve paint, pipe thread compounds and electrical insulation.
Polyglycol, glycol and water-glycol fluids are synthetics often used for anti-freeze circulating coolant and high water content fluid (HWCF) hydraulic applications. Water-glycol solutions tend to have higher viscosity index values than other compositions. Zinc, cadmium and magnesium react with water-glycol solutions and should not be used in fluid or coolant systems that contain water-glycol fluids.
Fluids are based upon phosphate ester, dibasic ester, polyol ester, silicate ester or diester compounds. Phosphate esters and other synthetic fluids tend to have the highest fire resistance and cost. They are generally used in a diluted form with concentrations from 3% to 10%. Synthetic fluids often provide the best cooling performance among all cutting fluids. Semi-synthetic fluids are combinations of synthetic and soluble petroleum or mineral oil fluids. The characteristics, cost and heat transfer performance of semi-synthetic fluids falls between those of synthetic and soluble oil fluids. Some synthetics such as phosphate esters react or dissolve paint, pipe thread compounds and electrical insulation.
Fluids are based on halogenated (fluorinated and/or chlorinated) hydrocarbons. Chlorofluorcarbon (CFC), halogenated fluorocarbon (HFC), halogenated chlorofluorocarbon (HCFC), and perfluorocarbon (PFC) fluids are included in this group.
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Kinematic viscosity is the time required for a fixed amount of fluid or oil to flow through a capillary tube under the force of gravity. Units of kinematic viscosity are stoke, centistoke (1/100 of a stoke) and Saybolt Universal Seconds (SUS). Saybolt Universal Seconds or Saybolt Universal Viscosity (SUV) is the time in seconds required for 60 cubic centimeters of a fluid to flow through the orifice of the standard Saybolt universal viscometer at a given temperature under specified conditions, usually per ASTM D 88. Kinematic viscosity is also described as the quotient of the absolute viscosity in centipoises divided by the specific gravity of a fluid where both are measured at the same temperature.
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Pour point is the lowest point at which fluid or oil flows. Pour is typically determined using ASTM D 97. Generally, the pour point is 15° F to 20° F below the system's lowest end-use temperature to prevent pump damage through cavitation.
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Flash point is the lowest temperature at which a liquid can give off sufficient vapors to form an ignitable mixture in air near the surface of the liquid. The lower the flash point, the easier it is to ignite the material. The U.S. Occupational Health and Safety Administration (OSHA) defines a flammable liquid as "any liquid having a flash point below 100° F (37.8° C), except any mixture having components with flash points of 100° F (37.8° C) or higher, the total of which make up 99 percent or more of the total volume of the mixture. Flammable liquids shall be known as Class I liquids."
Fire point and autogenous ignition (AIT) are additional properties to consider in applications requiring fire resistant fluids. Fire point is the lowest temperature at which a liquid can give off sufficient vapors to form a mixture in air that continuously supports combustion after ignition near the surface of the liquid. Autogenous ignition (AIT) is the temperature at which ignition occurs spontaneously.
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Lubricants, greases, coolants, heater oils or fluids have corrosion inhibiting or rust preventative additives. Corrosion inhibitors in a coolant or heat transfer fluid prevent internal surfaces from corroding by inhibiting corrosive compounds in the water used to dilute the fluid. Rust preventative oils, greases or fluid products leave a film that physically prevents water or corrosive chemicals from reaching a metal surface.
Fire resistant fluids do not ignite or are difficult to ignite or combust under typical service conditions. Fire resistant fluids have high flash point, fire point and auto-ignition (AIT) temperatures. Flash point is the lowest temperature at which a liquid can give off sufficient vapors to form an ignitable mixture in air near the surface of the liquid. The lower the flash point, the easier it is to ignite the material. Fire point is the lowest temperature at which a liquid can give off sufficient vapors to form a mixture in air that supports continuous combustion after ignition near the surface of the liquid. Autogenous ignition (AIT) is the temperature at which ignition occurs spontaneously. Three common types of fire-resistant fluids are:
High water content fluids (HWCF) such as water-petroleum oil emulsions or water-synthetic emulsions in which the water prevents burning of the petroleum or synthetic constituent.
Water-glycol fluids
Synthetic anhydrous (non-aqueous) fluids of low volatility, such as phosphate esters, polyol esters, silicones, and halogenated hydrocarbon based fluids.
Heat and pressure are prevalent in many industrial processes and create the need for fire resistant hydraulic fluids and thermal fluids in industry. When flame or heat is in close proximity to hydraulic equipment, a ruptured hydraulic line or fitting can release a combustible spray of hydraulic oils or fluids onto an open source of ignition such as the hot surface of an exhaust manifold.
Products are food grade or FDA H1 or similar approved or designed and suitable for lubrication applications in processing equipment where contact with food, beverages or pharmaceuticals may occur.
Fluids do not produce foam or produce only small amounts of foam. Non-foaming characteristics are achieved through the use of additives that break out entrained air. Leaks can introduce air into systems for circulating hydraulic fluid, thermal oil, or grinding coolant. Entrained air can cause pump damage due to cavitation. Foaming can also reduce the cooling ability and the bulk modulus (or stiffness) of the fluid.
Lubricants, greases, coolants, heater oils or fluids have an inherent composition or biocide additives that inhibit the growth of bacteria, fungus, or other microbes. Without biological growth inhibition, water emulsions or water-based fluids can develop a strong odor under certain conditions. Biocides or antimicrobial pesticides are chemical agents used to kill microbiological organisms such as bacteria or fungi in fluids.
System cleaners, sludge dispersing fluids or detergent oils are lubricating oils or fluids with special sludge dispersing or cleaning properties. They usually incorporate special additives. Detergent oils suspend formed sludge or dirt particles and thus promote the cleanliness of internal surfaces, especially in internal-combustion engines. The sludge particles are removed from the system by oil filters or when the oil is drained and changed. Special system cleaners are available for carbon residue cleaning of internal surfaces in circulating heat transfer systems.
Other unlisted, proprietary or specialty features, applications or functions.
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