Aluminosilicate glass is formed with the addition of aluminum oxide or alumina (Al2O3) to silica-based glass. Aluminum oxide is a network-former. Additions of aluminum oxide increase the melting point and viscosity at lower temperatures; they also provide strengthening and improve chemical resistance. Usually, alumina is added to the glass batch in the form of commonly-found feldspars, which also contain alkalis.
Borosilicate glass is a formed with the addition of at least 5% boron oxide to silica-based glass. Boron oxide is a network-former. Additions of boron oxide improve strength, corrosion resistance, and thermal shock characteristics. Borosilicate glass is particularly suitable for laboratory ware (test tubes, etc.), domestic cookware (oven dishes, etc.), high-power lamps, and other technical glassware. Borosilicate glass has low thermal expansion characteristic, which results in end-uses in products with glass-to-metal bonds.
Glasses are based on sulphide or other chalcogenide compounds, or elements such as zinc selenide or zinc sulphide glasses. Chalcogenide glasses are used for specialized optical applications. Chalcogenides are compounds based on a metal cation and a chalcogen anion. Chalcogens are the group 16 elements: oxygen (O), sulfur (S), selenium Se), tellurium (Te), and polonium (Po).
Glasses are based on fluoride compounds such as magnesium fluoride or ZBLAN glasses. Fluoride glasses are used for specialized optical and fiber optic applications.
Glass ceramics are ceramics that can be fused and then molded, formed, ground, or machined using conventional glass fabrication techniques. After part fabrication, the glass ceramic's structure is transformed from an amorphous, glassy state to a crystalline ceramic state. MACOR®is widely applied glass ceramic with a fluorine rich glass composition approaching trisilicic fluorphlogopite mica (KMg3AlSi3O10F2). MACOR®is a trademarked proprietary material of Corning Corporation. Ceran®, Ceramat®, Robax® and Zerodur® are widely-applied proprietary glass ceramics from Schott Glass Corporation.
Quartz is found in a mined mineral form, as well as man-made fused quartz forms. Fused quartz is a high purity, crystalline form of silica used in specialized applications such as semiconductor wafer boats, furnace tubes, bell jars or quartzware, silicon melt crucibles, high-performance lamps such as mercury and quartz halogen lamps, ultraviolet (UV) lamps, thermocouple protectors, waveguide handles, analytical labware, and other high-temperature products. Single-crystal quartz is also available for piezoelectric applications.
Fused silica is a compound of silicon and oxygen. High purity, amorphous, fused silica is a high-performance ceramic with very low expansion, remarkable thermal shock resistance, low thermal conductivity, excellent electrical insulation up to 1000° C, and excellent resistance to corrosion from molten metal and glass.
Soda lime glass is a formed with the addition of sodium or calcium oxides to silica-based glass. Sodium and calcium oxides are network modifiers, which generally reduce the melting point and melt viscosity, while reducing strength and chemical resistance.
Other unlisted, specialized, or proprietary ceramic types.
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Stock products are available in the form of a bar or rod, usually with a square cross-section. Stock forms can be processed in rectangular, oval, hexagonal, or other shapes.
A gob is a melted and solidified lump of glass with a specific shape and weight. Gob are pressed into blanks or processed by machines into glass containers, labware, or other shapes. Gobs or blanks are known as parison or patterns. Optical blanks are rough oversized shapes used as feedstock to machine and grind lenses, flats, windows, mirrors and other optical components.
Blocks are building materials or masonry units consisting of fired ceramic or cement materials with a regular shape. Blocks usually have a rectangular shape, although specialized shapes are used for paving, refractory, decorative and other specialized applications. Refractory or fireclay blocks are manufactured from temperature resistant materials. Refractory blocks are stacked to form an insulating furnace, boiler, or other thermal process vessel wall. The refractory blocks are usually cemented together with a refractory mortar. Blocks are similar to bricks but typically smaller in overall dimensions.
Materials are fabricated in the form of a custom or application-specific shape such as a crucible, valve seat, blade, fired custom shaped brick or block, custom contoured tile, diffuser, furnace lining, degasser, and precast cement or concrete structural shape. The custom shape could be fabricated using pressing, slip casting, firing or sintering, melting, casting, cement form casting, and/or other processing methods.
Stock products are available in the form of a solid plate, slab, board, or substrate. The board or plate may consist of a ceramic fiberboard product, a dense sintered ceramic plate, or a precast cement bonded slab.
Stock or standard products are available in the form of a liquid, solid or gaseous chemical precursor, or sol-gel chemical components. Sol-gel ceramics are made using alkoxide precursor chemicals.
Rolls or rollers are tube or hollow shaped components used in bearing, rolling, and material handling applications. Ceramic rollers are a key component in hybrid ceramic roller bearings. Ceramic or fused silica rolls are used in furnaces to handle or move hot glass sheet or other thermally processed materials.
Tube stock has a single, central bore or inner diameter. Tubes are commonly used as heating elements, for thermocouple protection, or channeling molten metal.
Ceramic sphere shapes are used in grinding attrition media, mechanical applications (check or ball valve), blasting, catalyst supports, tower packing, and other applications. Bearing or precision balls are precision-ground for hybrid ball bearings or other motion system application.
Tile consists of a flat, thin ceramic shape usually with beveled edges for lining or covering a surface. Tile may have square, rectangular, hexagonal, triangular, round or custom shapes. Tiles often have a protective glaze to create a waterproof or water resistance surface. Tile can be smooth and glossy for wall applications, or anti-slip textured with a matt finish for floor applications.
Wafer carriers and holders are specialized devices for processing of silicon or compound (GaAs) semiconductor wafers. Ceramics are used to fabricate wafer carriers due to their corrosion resistance and refractoriness. Wafers are mounted onto or held by the carriers during dicing, polishing, lapping, thinning, chemical mechanical planarization (CMP), inspection or other operations.
Ceramic products in the form of thin substrates and wafers are used in semiconductor, thin and thick-film deposition, and optoelectronics applications. The ceramic material may be a dielectric insulator, a semiconductor, or a semi-insulator. Wafers for semiconductor applications usually consist of round substrates that are precision-polished and planarized.
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Density is the mass per unit area for a material. The fired density is dependent on the theoretical density of 100% dense body and the actual porosity retained after processing.
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This is the maximum temperature that the refractory or ceramic material can be exposed to momentarily without the degradation of structural or other required end-use properties. The maximum use temperature is usually equal to the melt temperature of the metal, glass, or other material contained by the refractory body in the furnace, boiler or process unit.
The Curie point is the temperature above which a material loses its unique magnetic, dielectric or piezoelectric property. Ferrites or other magnetic materials lose their unique magnetic properties above the Curie temperature. The relative permeability drops to a value below 0.1 above the Curie temperature. Magnetic susceptibility is inversely proportional to temperature.
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Thermal conductivity is the linear heat transfer per unit area through a material for a given applied temperature gradient. Heat flux (h) = [thermal conductivity (k) ] x [temperature gradient (Δ T)]
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The dielectric constant is the relative permittivity of a material compared to a vacuum or free space. k = εr = ε/ εo= where ε is the absolute permittivity of the material and εo is the absolute permittivity of a vacuum 8.85 x 10-12 F/m.
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In dielectric materials, the loss tangent or loss coefficient is ratio of the imaginary or loss permittivity to the real permittivity of a material. In a capacitive circuit with a sinusoidal or AC voltage, the loss tangent is equal to the ratio of dissipated or discharged current to the storage current tan δ = | IR / IC | . The dielectric quality factor (Q) is equal the inverse of the loss tangent. High Q or low loss tangents are required to reduce insertion losses. Q = (average stored energy per cycle / energy dissipated per cycle)
In magnetic materials or ferrites, the loss tangent or loss coefficient is ration of complex imaginary permeability (µ") to real permeability(µ').
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Electrical resistivity is the longitudinal electrical resistance (ohm-cm) of a uniform rod of unit length and unit cross-sectional area. Electrical resistivity is the inverse of conductivity. High resistivity is a defining characteristic of a dielectric material.
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Modulus of rupture (MOR), cross-break strength or flexural strength (3-point or 4-point) is the maximum flexural stress a bar can withstand before failure or fracture occurs. The bar is supported by two points beneath the bar and the load is applied by one or two points above the bar. Cross break strength is used to evaluate the strength of ceramics or other materials that do not provide sufficient plastic deformation to test tensile strength reliably.
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The crushing or compressive strength is the maximum compressive load per unit cross section that a ceramic body can withstand before mechanical failure or breakage occurs.
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Young's modulus or the modulus of elasticity is a material constant that indicates the variation is strain produced under an applied tensile load. Higher modulus of elasticity materials provides higher stiffness or rigidity.
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Glass, laminated glass or glass composites used to protect equipment, vehicles and/or personal against damage from blasts, explosions, bullets and other high speed projectiles.
Materials provide high temperature and/or corrosion resistance, making them suitable for chemical-processing applications. Examples include glasses with resistance to corrosive chemicals, acids or other materials during mixing, heating, milling, or other processes.
Materials are designed or suitable for use in architectural, building, and construction applications. Examples include glass block, sheet glass, glass plate, sheet mirrors, or glass tiles.
Dielectric ceramics have high electrical resistivity (low electrical conductivity) and high dielectric strength. Dielectric strength is the resistance to electrical breakdown under an applied electric field.
Materials are suitable for electronics applications, including RF and microwave. Ferrites, garnets, alumina/sapphire and silicates have sufficient dielectric properties for use in electronic, radio frequency (RF) and microwave devices such as antenna radomes, patch antenna substrates, thin/thick film substrates and resonators. In addition, ceramics, glass and other non-metallic compounds or elemental semiconductors are used as substrates, wafer or dummy wafers in semiconductor manufacturing. Ceramics are also used for wafer chucks or holders, wafer furnace boats and thin film chamber liners.
Glass materials with optical applications or used in the fabricating or processing of optical components such as lenses, windows, prisms, optical fibers, and lasing material components.
Refractory and high-temperature materials are hard, heat-resistant products. Glasses have high melting points and are suitable for applications requiring high temperature strength, electrical or thermal insulation, or other specialized characteristics.
Glass materials are designed for seals, sealing, and barrier or containment applications. Liquid and viscous compounds can be used to fill gaps between seams or on surfaces to contain fluids, prevent leaks, and prevent infiltration of unwanted material.
Thermally-insulating glasses and glass ceramics provide a thermal barrier between components and a hot or cold source. These glass shapes are also useful in providing flame protection and fire-proofing between a burner and the surrounding environment, or between combustion and oxygen sources.
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Coated materials use or are available with a metallized coating, plastic coating or other protective coating. The coating may seal porosity, improve water or chemical resistance, or enhance joining to metals or other materials. This category also includes glass materials with an organic coating or film, or ceramic frit coating for spandrel applications.
Materials or composites consist of multiple layers of different materials. Glass is often laminated to improve impact resistance safety or make glass bullet proof.
Machinable glasses can be machined in the green, glass or finished state without excessive chipping. Typically, non-machinable glasses are ground to finished dimensions, often with super abrasive grinding wheels.
Glass surfaces are coated with a thin metal layer applied by a plating, thin film, fired-on coating or other process. The coatings maybe continuous or selectively patterned on the surface or thru vias. In addition, float glass sheet or glass plate silvered to produce sheet mirror stock.
Porous glass has a large degree of open or closed internal pores that provide a thermal barrier. Certain glasses have intrinsically low thermal conductivity, even in dense forms. Reticulated glass foam refractories are useful in filtering and providing an extremely low density structure for insulation or other applications.
Safety glass does not produce large dangerous fractured pieces during impact failure. Tempering and lamination are method used to produce safety glass. Tempered glass has a compressive residual stress induced on the surface. The tempering process strengthens the glass and causes the glass plate or sheet to break into small, harmless pieces.
Plate, sheet, tiles, brick, block, bars, or other stock shapes have a textured surface such as an anti-slip grit or abrasive coating, kiln cast pattern, a frosted or etched surface, molded-in raised bumps. The texture can be for functional anti-slip or decorative architectural purposes.
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Modular Battery Contact; For Use With:Handheld Communications; Terminal Type:Pcb Surface Mount W/Locator Pin; Body Material:Glass-Filled Thermoplastic; Contact Plating:Copper Alloy; Leaded Process Compatible:Yes; No. Of Contacts:5 Rohs Compliant: Yes
