Ceramic Tube and Ceramic Rod Products Specifications

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	Alumina		Alumina or aluminum oxide (Al₂O₃) is a compound of aluminum metal and oxygen usually used in the alpha alumina structural form. In its pure form alumina is a white, high hardness ceramic. Fully dense alumina can be translucent. Alumina has found wide application due to its versatility and a relatively low raw material cost. Depending on the purity and density, alumina is used for refractory tubes, industrial crucibles, analytical labware, dielectric substrates, wear components, refractory cements and abrasives. Alumina's main drawback is its relatively poor thermal shock resistance due its higher coefficients of thermal expansion and lower thermal conductivity compared to other pure ceramic materials such as SiC.
	Alumina - Silicon Carbide		Alumina-silicon carbide (Al₂O₃-SiC) ceramic consists of an alumina matrix reinforced with silicon carbide particles or fibers. Al₂O₃-SiC ceramics are essentially ceramic matrix composites.
	Alumina-Zirconia		Zirconia toughened alumina (ZTA) and other zirconia-alumina ceramics are often used in wear applications as an intermediate solution between alumina and zirconia. ZTA offers increased fracture toughness over alumina at a lower cost compared to pure or high zirconia ceramics. Depending on the purity and density alumina is used for refractory tubes, industrial crucibles, analytical labware, wear components, refractory cements and abrasives.
	Aluminum Nitride		Aluminum nitride (AlN) ceramics are compounds of aluminum metal and nitrogen. Aluminum nitride is relatively inert and its good thermal conductivity combined with high electrical insulation ability makes these materials useful as substrates, insulators and barrier layers in microelectronics applications.
	Aluminum Silicate (Lava, Sillimanite)		Sillimanite, lava, fibrolite, and aluminum silicate (Al2SiO5) are compounds of silicon, aluminum and oxygen. Lava is machinable in the unfired state. After firing lava develops higher hardness and can be used up to 2100°F. Sillimanite is also a naturally occurring mineral that is calcinated through processing. Mica also has contains of potassium and is characterized by its layer-structured. Mica is fire proof, non-fusing, and can resist temperatures of up to 900°C, depending on the type of mica. Mica also has low heat conductivity, excellent thermal stability and good dielectric or electrical insulation properties. The major types of mica are muscovite, biotite, and phlogopite.
	Beryllia		Beryllia (BeO) is a toxic compound of beryllium metal and oxygen. Beryllia's combination of high electrical resistivity with high thermal conductivity is useful for electronic substrates. Beryllia ceramics provide thermal conductivity only second to diamond among electrically insulating materials. Beryllia provides a thermal coefficient of expansion (TCE) intermediate to gallium arsenide and refractory metal composites and low dielectric constant (6.7) and low loss index (0.0012 at 1 MHz) permitting improved circuit performance at high frequencies. Beryllia is also very stable under oxidizing and reducing high humidity environments, unlike nitrides, which will decompose to their oxide equivalent.
	Boron Carbide		Boron carbide (B₄C) has higher hardness than alumina or silicon carbide, but its oxidation product, B₂O₃, does provide a protective skin at high temperatures (>800^oC). Boron carbide is applied in low temperature applications utilizing its high hardness and wear resistance such as abrasive blast or water jet nozzles and grinding wheel dressers.
	Boron Nitride		Boron nitride (BN) ceramics are based on compounds of boron and nitrogen. Boron nitride is relatively inert and it has good thermal conductivity combined with good electrical insulation ability making this material useful in fabricating substrates and insulators in microelectronics applications. BN is polymorphic; i.e., BN occurs in a wide variety of crystalline structure forms. BN is available as amorphous or vitreous, pyrolytic, hexagonal and cubic crystal structures. Cubic boron nitride (CBN) is a superabrasive and is second only to diamond in hardness. BN is more resistant to oxidation compared to carbon. Depending on the purity, density and crystal structure boron nitride is used for refractory linings, industrial crucibles, arc furnace electrodes, analytical labware, composites, refractory cements and superabrasives. Hexagonal BN is structurally weak and is used as a high temperature lubricant or coating.
	Calcium Aluminate		Calcium aluminate (CaAlO₃) refractories are usually derived from calcium aluminate, calcium or alumina bearing minerals. Calcium aluminate is used in refractory cements and shapes as well as synthetic slag additions for metallurgical operations.
	Carbon		Carbon (C) is a non-metallic element with an extremely high sublimation temperature and a wide variety of crystalline structure forms (polymorphism). Carbon is available as amorphous / vitreous carbon, pyrolytic graphite, hexagonal graphite, diamond or diamond-like carbon. Carbon without a protective coating must be used in reducing or vacuum atmospheres to prevent oxidation at elevated temperatures. Depending on the purity, density and crystal structure carbon is used for refractory linings, industrial crucibles, arc furnace electrodes, analytical labware, composites, refractory cements and superabrasives.
	Graphite - Pyrolytic		Pyrolytic graphite or boron nitride materials have a high density, layered and highly anisostropic crystal structure. Pyrolytic graphite (PG) is a unique form of graphite manufactured by decomposition of a hydrocarbon gas at very high temperature in a vacuum furnace. Mechanical thermal, and electrical properties are generally far superior to conventional hexagonal flake structured or bonded materials.
	Graphite - Flake / Hexagonal		Graphite is a carbon material, which has a hexagonal crystal structure. Hexagonal or flake graphite has a weak, platelet structure that flakes or wears away quickly providing a lubricating action.
	Chromia / Chromite		Chromia ceramics or refractories are based on compounds chromium and oxygen.
	Cordierite		Cordierite (2MgO·2Al₂O₃·5SiO₂) or cordierite porcelain is a magnesium aluminum silicate produced by fusing a mixture of talc, clay and aluminum oxide. Cordierite and cordierite mineral precursors are also known as magnesium-alumino silicate, dichroite and iolite. Cordierite has a low coefficient of thermal expansion, high mechanical strength, and low dielectric loss. Cordierite is commonly fabricated into insulator or insulating substrate due to its good dielectric properties. Cordierite has excellent thermal shock resistance, withstanding red heat to ice water quench, and then returned to red heat. High fire cordierite body will withstand a temperature rise from 70º to 1800º in 80 seconds, followed by an immediate room temperature air quench.
	Dolomite (MgO-CaO)		Dolomite refractories are based on calcium magnesium oxide and are usually derived from calcium magnesium carbonate minerals.
	Electrostrictive Ceramic		Electrostrictive ceramics are relaxor ferroelectric ceramics. Strain varies quadratically with electric field for an electrostrictor rather than linearly as in a piezoelectric ceramics. Relaxors exhibit very high dielectric constants ( K > 20,000), diffuse ferroelectric-to-paraelectric phase transitions, and electrostrictive strain vs. electric field behavior. Electrostrictors excel at high frequencies and very low driving fields and are applied in specialized microactuators. Electrostrictors display little or no hysteretic loss even at very high frequencies of operation due to the lack of spontaneous polarization. For transducer applications, electrostrictors must operate under a DC bias field to induce piezoelectric behavior. Operation under bias is characterized by field dependent piezoelectric and electromechanical coupling coefficients. Relaxors exhibit poor temperature stability and they operate best in situations where the temperature can be stabilized to within approximately 10°C.
	Ferrite / Garnet		Ferrites, garnets and ferromagnetic materials have dielectric and magnetic properties that are useful for RF, microwave or specialized industrial applications. Ferromagnetic materials can consist of ferrite powders, ferrite powder bound in a polymer resin matrix, ferrite powders fired into a consolidated ceramic shape or ferromagnetic particle suspended in a carrier fluid. Ferromagnetic particles suspended in a carrier fluid are called magneto-rheological fluids or ferrofluids. The viscosity of the fluid changes under an applied magnetic field. Ferrofluids are used in speakers, dynamic rotary seals, brake or specialized dampening devices. Ferrites and garnets are ferrimagnetic oxides with dielectric and magnetic properties that are useful for RF and microwave applications. Ferrite's high electrical resistivity coupled with low magnetic losses is critical in maintaining low insertion loss in microwave devices. The three major structural groups of microwave or RF ceramics are spinels, hexagonal spinels and rare earth garnets. Spinel ferrites typically have general formula of AB2O4. Iron based ferrites have the general formula MO-Fe2O3 where M is a divalent ion such as Fe, Ni, Cu, Mg, Mn, Co, Zn, Li. Hexagonal ferrites, hexaferrites or magnetoplumbites group have the general formula of AB12O19 and include barium ferrite and strontium ferrites (BaFe12O19 and SrFe12O19). Rare earth garnets have a fairly complex structure with the general formula of (3M2O3)C(2Fe2O3)A(3Fe2O3)D where M is yttria or rare earth ion and (A,C,D) are lattive site. Yttrium aluminum garnet or YIG (Y2Fe5O12) is a common microwave or ferromagnetic garnet. Magnetization levels are modified by substituting Al for Fe combinations of Ho, Dy, Gd for Y in microwave or ferromagnetic garnets.
	Forsterite		Forsterite is a stoichiometric magnesium orthosilicate (Mg₂SiO₄) utilized for applications requiring a high coefficient of thermal expansion. Forsterite has desirable electrical insulation properties and it is used as a layer on transformer steel sheets. The layer is formed by the reaction of magnesium oxide with the silicon additions of the steel during annealing. Forsterite is also used in bulk form to fabricate insulators.
	Glass Ceramic		Glass ceramics are ceramics that can be fused and then molded, formed, ground or machined using conventional glass fabrication techniques. After part fabrication, the glass ceramic's structure is transformed from an amorphous glassy state to crystalline ceramic state. MACOR® is widely applied glass ceramic with a fluorine rich glass composition approaching trisilicic fluorphlogopite mica (KMg₃AlSi₃O₁₀F₂). MACOR® is a trademarked proprietary material of Corning Corporation. Ceran®, Ceramat®, Robax® and Zerodur® are widely applied proprietary glass ceramics from Schott Glass Corporation.
	Kaolin / Fireclay Based		Kaolin based refractories or ceramics are using natural kaolin or a mixture or clay and other ceramics such as alumina, calcium aluminate or silicon carbide. Kaolin acts as a binder and provides plasticity. Kaolin is a hydrous aluminum silicate [Al₂(Si₂0₅)(0H)₄] based mineral clay. Kaolin is also referred to as clay, anhydrous aluminum silicate, aluminum silicate dihydrate, nacrite, dickite, kaolinite, calcined, kaolinite; china clay, bolus alba, porcelain clay, aluminum, silicate hydroxide, or aluminum silicate (hydrated). The plate-like structure allows particles in a wet clay mass to slide across each other and maintain plasticity. Kaolin is a white soft plastic clay composed primarily of well-ordered kaolinite mineral [Al2Si2O5(OH)4] with minor amounts of quartz, feldspar, and sheet silicate minerals (mica, illite, smectite, and chlorite). Geologically, there are two types of kaolin deposits, i.e. primary and secondary kaolin. Primary kaolin is formed through the alteration, or kaolinization, of in-situ minerals of feldspar and other aluminum silicates to kaolinite. Secondary kaolin is laid down as sediments, usually in fresh water, far from the place of origin. Various types of secondary kaolin are ball clay, fireclay, or flint clay depending on kaolinite content and their properties.
	Magnesia / Magnesite		Magnesia ceramics or refractories are based on compounds magnesium and oxygen. Magnesite or magnesia refractories or minerals are also known as magnesium oxide, magnesium carbonate, deadburned magnesite, calcined magnesite, periclase or magnesia clinker. Depending on the origin and processing, magnesia is divided into caustic, dead-burnt, fused, precipitated, sintered or calcined and synthetic magnesia forms. The high melting point (2800°C) and the heat resistance (1700°C in the reducing and 2300 °C in oxidizing atmosphere) of magnesium oxide make it suitable for the production of refractories. Magnesite is the naturally occurring mineral or ore used to produce magnesium oxide based refractories. Magnesite often contains iron, manganese or other activator elements. Magnesium oxide refractories with a carbon bond are frequently used in the steel industry. Magnesite refractories have good resistance to molten iron and steel.
	Metal Boride (ZrB₂, TiB₂)		Boride ceramics are compounds of a metal and boron such as zirconium boride (ZrB₂) or titanium boride (TiB₂). Titanium borides show an increase in ductility with an increase in temperature.
	Mullite		Mullite (3Al₂O₃-2Si0₂ or Al₆Si₂O₁₃) is a compound of aluminum, silicon and oxygen. Mullite can also be viewed as a phase in the alumina-silica binary system. Mullite is a synthetic, fused or calcined crystalline aluminum silicate produced in electric arc furnaces from alumina and silica. Mullite usually has an off-white or tan color. Depending on the purity and density, mullite can have superior dielectric and thermal shock properties and resistance to slag & silicate refractory bonds. Mullite is used for refractory tubes, industrial crucibles, analytical labware, dielectric substrates, wear components and in refractory cements. Refractory grade mullite or alumina-mullite mixtures are often derived by calcining Kyanite minerals.
	Niobate / Niobium Oxide		Niobium oxide and niobate ceramics have very high dielectric strengths and are commonly applied in the fabrication of capacitors.
	Piezoelectric Ceramic		Piezoelectric ceramics include quartz and ferroelectric or perovskite materials. Ferroelectric materials include lead titanates, lead zirconates, lead zirconate titanates (PZT), barium titanates, barium tantalate and lead magnesium niobates. Ferroelectric materials and have the general formula ABO₃ . Piezoelectric materials produce an electrical charge when a load is applied and deformation occurs. These properties make piezoelectric materials useful for pressure or load sensors. Inversely, piezoelectric materials produce force or deformation when a load is an electrical charge applied. These properties make piezoelectric materials useful for microactuators, nanoactuators or piezoelectric motors.
	Porcelain		Porcelain materials are used for both useful industrial and ornamental applications. Traditional porcelain is made from a mixture of feldspar, clay (koalin) and flint. Steatite or cordierite porcelains are commonly used in electrical insulator applications. Many porcelain compositions are based on the K₂0-Al₂0₃-SiO₂ or Mg0-Al₂0₃-SiO₂ ternary systems. The term "Porcelain' comes from the Italian "porcell" which means "little pig," a name given to a smooth, white cowrie shell.
	Quartz		Quartz is found in a mined mineral formed as well as man-made fused quartz forms. Fused quartz is a high purity, crystalline form of silica used in specialized applications such as semiconductor wafer boats, furnace tubes, bell jars or quartzware, silicon melt crucibles, high performance lamps such as mercury and quartz halogen, ultraviolet (UV) lamps, thermocouples protector, waveguide handles, analytical labware and other high temperature products. Single crystal quartz is also available for piezoelectric applications.
	Sapphire		Sapphire is a high purity and density, single crystalline form of aluminum oxide, which may contain chromia, titania, yttria or other dopants. Sapphire is usually transparent or translucent. Sapphire ceramics are used in lasers, substrates, jewel bearings, watch crystals or other specialized optical, wear and electronic applications. Ruby, corundum, topaz are other names for natural or synthetic sapphire. Ruby is chromium doped sapphire used in optical filters and laser rods.
	Silicate / Fused Silica		Fused silica is a compound of silicon and oxygen. High purity amorphous fused silica is a high performance ceramic with very low expansion, remarkable thermal shock resistance, low thermal conductivity, excellent electrical insulation up to 1000°C and excellent resistance to corrosion from molten metal and glass.
	Silicon Carbide		Silicon carbide (SiC) is a compound of silicon metalloid and oxygen usually used in the alpha silicon carbide structural form. SiC is a black, high hardness ceramic that usually is harder than alumina. Depending on the impurity additions, silicon carbide is green or black in color. Fully dense silicon carbide can be transparent (Moissanite). Silicon carbide has found wide application due to its versatility and a relatively low raw material cost. Depending on the purity and density SiC is used for refractory tubes, industrial crucibles, wafer semi-insulating substrates, wear components, refractory cements and abrasives. Alumina's main drawback is its relatively poor thermal shock resistance compared to materials with lower coefficients of thermal expansion. SiC forms a protective SiO₂ skin that to prevents further oxidation at very high temperatures in non-reducing atmospheres. Silicon carbide has relatively high thermal shock resistance compared to other ceramic materials due its low coefficient of thermal expansion combined with high thermal conductivity.
	Silicon Nitride		Silicon nitride (Si₃N₄) is a compound of silicon and nitrogen. Silicon nitride has superior mechanical properties and forms a protective SiO₂ skin at high temperatures. Silicon nitride ceramics are difficult to sinter by conventional means because the material dissociates above 1800^oC.
	SiAlON		SiAlON (Al₂O₃-Si₃N₄) is an alloy of silicon nitride and aluminum oxide. SiAlON has the combined properties of silicon nitride (high strength, hardness, fracture toughness and low thermal expansion) and aluminum oxide (corrosion resistance, chemically inert, high temperature capabilities and oxidation resistance). SiAlON is superior refractory material for components exposed to high temperatures, mechanical abuse, corrosion, wear or applications requiring electrical resistance.
	Silicide (MoSi₂)		Silicide ceramics are compounds of a metal and silicon such as molybdenum disilicide (MoSi₂). Molybdenum disilicide is commonly used as a resistant heating element in high temperature furnaces.
	Steatite		Steatite or steatite porcelains are based on hydrated magnesium silicate (3MgO-4SiO₂-4H₂O), which are similar in compositions to naturally occurring soapstone or mineral talc. Steatite ceramics may also have additions of alumina, calcia and ferrous oxide. Resistance heater and electrical insulators are commonly made of steatite due to the materials low cost, refractoriness and high electrical resistance even at high temperatures. Steatite and steatite minerals are also known as soapstone, massive talc, block steatite and soapstone silicate. Steatite ceramic is ideal for high frequency, low loss, and high voltage insulation. Steatite has good mechanical properties and low loss electrical qualities. It is ideal for resistor forms, igniters, standoffs, surge arrestors, coil forms, spacers, spark plugs, etc. Steatite is easily fabricated to close tolerances and is much less expensive than alumina ceramic insulators.
	Tantalate / Tantalum Oxide		Tantalum oxide and tantalate ceramics have very high dielectric strengths and are commonly applied in the fabrication of capacitors.
	Titania / Titanate		Titania or rutile minerals (TiO₂) are compounds consisting of titanium and oxygen. Titanates are compounds consisting of titanium, an additional cation (Ba, Al, Sr) and oxygen such as BaTiO₃. Titania and titanates are usually used as additions to other refractories or for their specialized electrical or piezoelectric properties.
	Titanium Carbide (TiC)		Titanium carbide (TiC) materials are compounds of a titanium metal and carbon. Metal carbides are also known as hard metals. Metal carbides have high hardness and high hot hardness which makes them useful for cutting tools, forming dies and other wear applications. Metal carbides often used a cobalt, nickel or intermetallic metal bond between grains (cemented carbides) which results in increases toughness compared a pure carbide or ceramic. Titanium carbide is often used as an addition to tungsten carbide cutting tools.
	Tungsten Carbide (WC)		Tungsten carbide (WC) materials are compounds of a tungsten metal and carbon. Metal carbides are also known as hard metals. Metal carbides have high hardness and high hot hardness which makes them useful for cutting tools, forming dies and other wear applications. Metal carbides often used a cobalt, nickel or intermetallic metal bond between grains (cemented carbides) which results in increases toughness compared a pure carbide or ceramic.
	Zircon		Zircon is a compound of a zirconium silicate, ZrSiO₄, which is found in nature in the form of zircon sand. Zircon has useful refractory properties.
	Zirconia		Zirconia or zirconium oxide (ZrO₂) is an extremely refractory compound of zirconium and oxygen. Zirconia may have additions of calcia, magnesia or yttria to stabilize the structure into a cubic structure. Zirconia stabilized in the cubic crystal structure avoids cracking and mechanical weakening during heating and cooling. Certain zirconia materials have the ability to transformation toughen (tetragonal to monoclinic phase change) under applied stress and it is frequently used in wear applications requiring improved fracture toughness and stiffness over alumina. Zirconia ceramics possess excellent chemical inertness and corrosion resistance at temperatures well above the melting point of alumina. Zirconia is more costly than alumina, so it is only where alumina will fail. Zirconia has low thermal conductivity and it is an electrical conductor above 800°C. Zirconia is used to fabricate oxygen sensors or fuel cell membranes because zirconia possesses the unique ability to allow oxygen ions to move freely through the crystal structure above 600°C. Zirconia products should not be used in contact with alumina above 1600°C. Depending on the purity and density zirconia is used for refractory tubes, industrial crucibles, analytical labware, sensors, wear components, refractory cements, thermocouple protection tubes, furnace muffles, liners and high temperature heating element supports.
	Other		Other unlisted, specialized, or proprietary refractory or clay material.
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	Composite / Hybrid		Composite materials consist of a matrix material reinforced with a stronger or higher modulus second phase. The second phase may be in the form of particulates, chopped fibers or continuous fibers. The matrix may consist of a ceramic (CRC, ceramic matrix composite), a metal (MMC or metal matrix composite) or a polymer material. Ceramic or glass fibers are commonly utilized as the reinforcement due to their high strength and/or modulus.
	Electrical Insulator / Dielectric		Ceramics with intrinsically low electrical conductivity. Internal porosity will lower bulk electrical conductivity. Insulators for direct (DC) or low frequency (AC) current must have a high resistivity, a good thermal resistivity and a low dilation coefficient in order to have sufficient resistance to thermal shock. The porosity must be very low. The surface vitrification must be perfect to avoid water absorption and to improve mechanical resistance. The most commonly used materials are porcelains, mainly ternary compounds (Al2O3-SiO2-MgO). Such insulators are especially used as supports for electric oven resistors or heating elements. Ceramics used for high frequency insulator applications require a low dielectric constant and a small loss tangent. The meticulous choice of raw materials saves the surface from having to be vitrified. A vitrified surface would increase the value of the dissipation factor. For very high frequencies (UHF), high purity dense alumina, fired at temperatures above 1600°C, is generally used. For powerful tubes, big alumina insulators must be assembled on metallic electrodes. This application is used for television or satellite transmitter tubes or for micro-wave generators for heating, for example, or for powerful lasers.
	Glaze / Protective Coating		Ceramic or refractory body that uses or is available with a glaze (fused glass enamel), metallized coating, plastic coating or other protective coatings. The coating may seal porosity, improve water or chemical resistance or enhance joining to metals or other materials.
	Machinable		Machinable ceramics can be machined in the green, glass or finished state without excessive chipping. Non-machinable ceramics are typically ground to finished dimensions often with superabrasive grinding wheels.
	Porous / Foam		Porous ceramics have a large degree of open or closed internal pores that provide a thermal barrier. Certain ceramics have intrinsically low thermal conductivity even in dense forms. Reticulated foam refractories are useful in filtering molten metals and providing an extremely low density structure for insulation or other applications.
	Single Crystal
	Sintered / Fused		A homogeneous ceramic material where individual grains or crystal are bonded to each without the introduction of a foreign material (binder) beyond small traces of dopants or sintering aids. The materials are formed and/or densified through: Pressing and sintering or firing Hot pressing or hipping Extrusion Fusing and casting or crystal growth Deposition process - CVD or PVD Single crystal materials also do not contain any foreign material.
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