Ceramics consist of oxides, carbides, nitrides and other non-metals with high melting points. Ceramics are suitable for applications requiring wear resistance, thermal stability, and electrical resistivity.
Concrete and cements consist of a mixture of a binder or clinker and a coarser aggregate. They are used to patch or line floors and walls, bond brick, and join components for use in high-temperature applications. Clinker is a fused mineral or mineral mixture, such as alumina or bauxite and lime, which is crushed into a fine powder.
Aggregates are coarser, granular materials that are added to mortar, grout, or cement at mixing time to impart special properties such as thermal stability, wear resistance and oxidation resistance. Synthetic aggregates are fused mineral or mineral mixtures crushed to a coarse, granular size range rather than a fine, powdered clinker.
Portland cement is the most common bond used in structural concretes and mortars. Polymer cements have a resin bond and are used in corrosion protection, mortars for corrosion-resistant floor tiles, and other specialized industrial applications. Masonry consists of tile, bricks, stone, or other ceramic components that are bonded together with mortar or adhesive.
Composite materials consist of a resin (suitable for molding) and a matrix (typically fibers or textile material) which serves to enhance strength, alter electrical or magnetic properties, or enhance wear resistance.
Metals are opaque, fusible, ductile, and typically lustrous substances that are good conductors of heat and electricity. They form cations by the loss of electrons and yield basic oxides and hydroxides. Metals that are used in structural engineering applications have a high toughness that is a combination of high strength and ductility.
Paper or paperboard products are produced from a pulp of cellulose, cotton, wood, or other vegetable fibers. The pulp is laid down on a fine screen from a water suspension to form sheets that are dried and further processed.
Plastics are organic, synthetic, or processed materials that are mostly thermoplastic or thermosetting polymers of high molecular weight. They can be made into objects, films or filaments.
Substances are adhesives or sealants with a high viscosity or gel-like consistency. Typically, these materials have the ability to work with porous surfaces.
Rubber and elastomers are characterized by a high degree of flexibility and elasticity (high reversible elongation). Natural or synthetic rubber is vulcanized to increase useful properties such as toughness and resistance to wear for use in tires, electrical insulation, and waterproof materials.
Vulcanization is a chemical treatment that adds sulfur and heat to crosslink the rubber. Natural rubber is an elastic substance that is obtained by coagulating the milky juice of any of various tropical plants. Essentially, natural rubber is a polymer of isoprene, and is prepared as sheets and then dried. Synthetic rubbers or elastomers can be based on a variety of systems such as silicone, polyurethane or neoprene.
Substances are adhesives or sealants suitable for coating, filling, sizing, or sealing non-woven or woven textiles. Sizing adhesives or resins are used to fill paper, textile webs, and other fibrous products.
Wood is a natural composite extracted from the stems, branches, and roots of trees. It is a hard, fibrous substance that consists of xylem, cellulose fibers in an amorphous, lignin polymer matrix. Lignin is a biogenetic cross linked polymer which bonds together adjacent cell walls into a straw or wood tissue composite.
Cellulose is a polysaccharide (C6H10O5)x of glucose units that constitutes the chief part of the cell walls of plants. It occurs naturally in fibrous products such as cotton and kapok, and is the raw material of many manufactured goods as paper, rayon, and cellophane.
Other unlisted, specialty, or proprietary substrates.
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Products are designed for aerospace applications. For example, they can be used to bond composite structures to other composite or metallic frame components.
Products are designed for use in electronics applications. For example, they can be used in potting or encapsulating compounds, conductive adhesives, and dielectric sealants.
Products are resins, compounds, and plastic composites that are suitable for electrical power or high voltage (HV) applications such as generator or motor assemblies, coil or transformer manufacturing, and switch or circuit breaker insulation.
Products are suitable for medical or food-contact applications. Typically, they they comply with requirements from regulatory agencies such as the Food and Drug Administration (FDA), U.S. Department of Agriculture (USDA), National Science Foundation (NSF), 3A-Dairy, Canada AG, or USP Class VI.
Products are designed for use by construction contractors and in maintenance, repair, and operation (MRO) applications. Construction materials include wood, wood products, glass, cement products (mortar, concrete, masonry), plaster board, metal trim, flooring tile, sub-floor or underlayment, plaster board, sheet metal roofing or flash, metal ties, insulation materials (fiberglass, foam), and bitumen-based roofing materials.
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Epoxy resins (EP) exhibit high strength and low shrinkage during curing. Epoxies are known for their toughness and resistance to chemical and environmental damage. Most epoxies are two-part resins cured at room temperature. Some thermally-cured or thermoset one-part epoxies are also available. Depending on the formulation, epoxy resins are used as casting resins, potting agents, resin binders or laminating resins in fiberglass or composite construction. They are also used as encapsulants, electrical conductors in microelectronic packaging, and adhesives in structural bonding applications.
Thermosetting resins or plastics are based on the polyester (alkyd) or vinyl ester system. These materials should not be confused with thermoplastic polyesters or PET resins.
Polyurethane (PUR) resins provide excellent flexibility, impact resistance, and durability. Polyurethanes are formed through the reaction of an isocyanate component with polyols or other active hydroxyl group compounds. PUR resins require a catalyst, heat, or air evaporation to initiate and complete curing.
Plastic compounds, elastomer resins, or polymers are based on the silicone chemical system. Silicones are produced through the hydrolysis and polymerization of silanes and siloxanes.
Polymers are based on the vinyl chemical system. Examples include polyvinyl chloride (PVC), polyvinylidene chloride (PVDF), polyvinyl vinyl acetate (PVA), and polyvinyl alcohol (PVOH).
Other specialty, proprietary or unlisted resins, chemical systems or compound or polymer types.
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Filled compounds consist of adhesives with additional modifiers such as pigments or chopped fiber reinforcements. Typically, filled compounds are ready-to-use.
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Solvent-based adhesive resins use a volatile organic solvent (VOC) to thin or alter viscosity. Typically, solvent-based adhesive resins result in greater environmental or regulatory control problems. Solvents can also present a fire hazard or a risk of explosion, depending on the plant or job site.
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Dielectric compounds and electrical insulation materials form a barrier or isolator between electrical or electronic components. The voltage potential between the conductor and conductive components influence material selection, based on the dielectric strength to reduce shorting. Dielectric constant and loss tangent are important parameters in minimizing crosstalk between insulated circuit paths.
Encapsulants and potting compounds are resins used to encapsulate circuit boards or semiconductor devices, fill a container of electronic devices, or infiltrate electrical coils to provide environmental protection and electrical insulation. Ceramic cement-based potting compounds are available for high-temperature applications.
Elastomers and rubber materials are characterized by their high degree of flexibility and elasticity (high reversible elongation). Natural rubber, synthetic rubber, or elastomer sealants and adhesives can be based on a variety of systems such silicone, polyurethane, chloroprene, butyl, polybutadiene, isoprene, or neoprene.
The material is flame retardant in accordance with industry standards from Underwriters Laboratories, Inc. (UL), Flame Class 94, or other ISO standards. Flame-retardant materials are designed to reduce the spread of flame or resist ignition when exposed to high temperatures. They also insulate the substrate and delay damage to it.
Products are designed to provide flexibility or dampening of sound, vibration, or shock in suitable applications. Flexible adhesives or sealants form a layer that can bend or flex without cracking or delaminating.
Products are designed for constructing laminating strip structures or SCRIMP matrix resins for composite construction. SCRIMP is an acronym for "Seemann composites resin infusion molding process".
Materials are designed to form a thermally conductive layer on the substrate, between components, or within a finished electronic product. Thermally conductive resins, thermoplastics, encapsulants, potting compounds, tapes, pads, adhesives and greases are often used between a heat-generating electrical device and a heat sink to improve heat dissipation.
The material is approved to or recognized under one or more requirements of Underwriters Laboratories, Inc. (UL).
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Viscosity is a measurement of a fluid's resistance to flow. Water is lower in viscosity than motor oil or honey. Oil is lower in viscosity than tar or molasses. Depending on the application method, viscosity determines how well a resin fills the cavities or voids in a mold.
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Use temperature is the range of temperatures to which products can be exposed without the degradation of structural or other required end-use properties.
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Thermal conductivity is the linear heat transfer per unit area through a material for a given applied temperature gradient. Heat flux (h) = [thermal conductivity (k) ] x [temperature gradient (Δ T)]
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Tensile strength at break is the maximum amount of stress required to break the material under tension-loading test conditions, or to cause failure. Typically, tensile tests are performed according to test procedure standards such as ASTM D-638 or ISO 527-1, ASTM D-1708, ASTM D-2289 (plastics at high strain rates), and ASTM D-882 (thin plastic sheets), as well as other OEM proprietary standards.
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The dielectric constant is the relative permittivity of a material compared to a vacuum or free space. As an equation, it is expressed as k = εr = ε/ εo= where ε is the absolute permittivity of the material and εo is the absolute permittivity of a vacuum 8.85 x 10-12 F/m.
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