Rafters, beams, and joists are structural profiles that are used to frame buildings. When selecting products, builders must account for spans - the clear distances between supports. Spans are based on uniform gravity loads and may be evaluated for wind. Typically, the design of continuous spans is based on the longest span so that, for example, the shortest span is not less than 50% of the longest span. Other specifications to consider when selecting rafters, beams and joists are moment, shear and reaction capacity for normal load duration; deflection, both in terms of bending and shear deformation; and live load and dead load. Live load is that amount of weight that a structure is designed to support. Dead load refers to the weight of the structure itself.
Selecting rafters, beams and joists requires an understanding of product features. Rafters or roof beams are sloped, structural members that extend from the ridge of a roof to the down-slope perimeter or eave. Rafters are designed to support the roof sheathing, and usually follow the angle of the roof. With a flat roof, rafters are sometimes called roof joists. Beams are structural elements that are designed to carry vertical gravitational forces or horizontal loads. They are subject to bending loads and are usually made of steel, wood, or concrete. There are three types of beams: simple, continuous, and cantilever. Simple beams rest on two supports and have their ends free. By contrast, continuous beams rest on three of more supports. Cantilever beams or cantilevers are supported on only end. With these rafters, beams and joists, the beam carries the load to the support, where it is resisted by moment and shear stress.
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Engineering Web: Rafters Beams and Joists
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